سرمایه گذاری (ivestment) ابزاری برای کسب دارایی است اما فقط برای کسب دارایی استفاده نمی شود . هر کسی می تواند وارد یک برنامه سرمایه گذاری شود و ابزارهای زیادی وجود دارد که می توان به واسطه آنها شروع کار با حداقل سرمایه را آسان کرد . درواقع تفاوت میان سرمایه گذاری و شرط بندی این است که سرمایه گذاری یک فرآیند زمان بر محسوب می شود و روشی برای ثروتمند شدن یک شبه نیست !
سرمایه گذاری
اختصاص دادن پول در کاری که نیاز به تلاش دارد ، با انتظار درآمد یا سود اضافی .
سرمایه گذار (investor) افسانه ای ، Warren Buffett سرمایه گذاری را این گونه تعریف می کند : (( فرآیند برنامه ریزی برای پول ، تا در آینده پول بیشتری نصیب شما شود . )) هدف این است که پول تان را در یک یا چند جا انباشته کنید تا برای شما کار کند به این امید که پول تان در طول زمان رشد خواهد کرد .
سرمایه گذاری چیست؟
سرمایه گذاری به معنای سخت تر کار کردن نیست بلکه به معنای هوشمندانه تر کار کردن است . ما در شغل هایمان سخت کار میکنیم ، حال چه برای یک شرکت باشد چه برای کسب و کاری که خودمان راه اندازی کرده ایم . ما معمولا ساعت های زیادی کار میکنیم که نیازمند فداکاری و افزایش استرس است . برداشتن بخشی از پولی که به سختی به دست آمده و سرمایه گذاری آن برای نیازهای آینده ، بهترین روش استفاده از پولی است که کسب کرده ایم .
همچنین باید گفت که سرمایه گذاری به اولویت بندی برای استفاده از پول و سرمایه تان مربوط می شود . هزینه کردن کار ساده ایست و باعث ایجاد خوشی های زودگذر می شود ، برای مثال می توانید پول تان را صرف خرید لوازم جدید برای منزلتان کنید ، به یک سفر تفریحی بروید و یا در یک رستوران گران قیمت شام میل کنید . همه این کارها فوق العاده و لذت بخشند اما سرمایه گذاری مستلزم اولویت بخشیدن به آینده مالی در برابر خواسته های کنونی است .
در واقع راهی است برای این که در دورانی که درگیر زندگی و مشغله های روزمره هستید مقداری پول کنار بگذارید تا برای شما کار کند و در آینده از دست رنج کارتان بهره ببرید . در حقیقت ، سرمایه گذاری ابزاریست برای آینده شادتر !
شیوه های سرمایه گذاری
همان طور که در فرهنگ لغات توضیح داده شده است ؛ سرمایه گذاری چیزی است که با پول خریداری می شود و انتظار می رود که در آینده درآمد یا سود تولید کند .
می توان سرمایه گذاری را به سه گروه عمده تقسیم کرد :
مالکیتی
اعتباردهی
بازار پول
سرمایه گذاری های مالکیتی
زمانی که راجع به سرمایه گذاری صحبت می شود ، سرمایه گذاری مالکیتی اولین چیزی است که به ذهن افراد می رسد . مالکیتی پر سود ترین و در عین حال پر خطرترین آنهاست . در ادامه مثال هایی از سرمایه گذاری مالکیتی را بیان می کنیم ؛
سهام
سهام مدرکی است که نشان می دهد شما مالک سهمی از یک کارخانه یا شرکت هستید . به بیان کلی تر همه اوراق بهادار نوعی سرمایه گذاری مالکیتی هستند ، هرچند که تمام چیزی که در اختیار شماست فقط یک قرارداد است . زمانی که یکی از این سهام ها را خریداری کنید ، شما مالک بخشی از ارزش آن شرکت خواهید بود .
با توجه به ارزش بازاری که دارایی شما به آن تعلق دارد ، سود مورد نظرتان محقق می شود . اما اگر شما در کمپانی Sony سهام دار هستید و این کمپانی سودی به دست آورد ، سرمایه گذاران سهم شان را از این کمپانی طلب خواهند کرد . تقاضای آنها برای دریافت سود باعث افزایش قیمت خواهد شد و اگر تصمیم بگیرید سهم تان را بفروشید سود شما نیز افزایش پیدا می کند .
کسب و کار
پولی که برای شروع و اداره یک کسب و کار اختصاص داده می شود نوعی سرمایه گذاری است . کارآفرینی یکی از دشوارترین و در عین حال هوشمندانه ترین سرمایه گذاری هاست چرا که به چیزی بیش از پول احتیاج دارد . در نتیجه این نوع سرمایه گذاری نیز نوعی سرمایه گذاری مالکیتی تلقی می شود که بازگشت سرمایه بسیار زیادی به همراه خواهد آورد . کارآفرینان با تولید یک محصول یا خدمات و فروش آن به افرادی که خواهان آن هستند ، درآمد بسیار زیادی به دست می آورند . بیل گیتس ( Bill Gates ) موسس کمپانی مایکروسافت ( Microsoft ) و یکی از ثروتمندترین افراد دنیا بهترین مثال در این مورد است .
املاک
خانه ، آپارتمان و دیگر املاکی که شما می خرید خانه و یا اجاره خانه و بازسازی می کنید و مجدد میفروشید نوعی سرمایه گذاری هستند . البته خانه ای که در آن زندگی می کنید قدری متفاوت است ، چرا که یکی از نیازهای اساسی شما را تامین می کند و ممکن است ارزش آن در طول زمان افزایش پیدا کند ، اما نباید آن را با انتظار سود دهی خریداری کنید . رکود بازار مسکن سال ۲۰۰۸ در امریکا به خوبی خطر این نوع سرمایه گذاری را نشان داده است .
کالاهای گران قیمت
خرید طلا ، جواهرات و نقاشی های داوینچی همگی می توانند به عنوان نوعی سرمایه گذاری مالکیتی در نظر گرفته شوند ، به این شرط که این کالاها با این هدف که در آینده با قیمت بالاتر فروخته شوند خریداری شده باشند . فلزات گران بها و کلکسیون ها به دلایل مختلفی موارد خوبی برای سرمایه گذاری نیستند ، اما قطعا در زمره سرمایه گذاری ها قرار می گیرند . درست مانند ملک ، این احتمال وجود دارد که اقلام اشاره شده نیز از نظر فیزیکی آسیب ببینند ، در نتیجه نیازمند مراقبت و هزینه نگداری هستند که در آن صورت بدیهی است که از سود نهایی کم خواهد شد .
سرمایه گذاری اعتباردهی
سرمایه گذاری اعتباردهی به شما این اجازه را به شما می دهد که همانند یک بانک عمل کنید . این نوع سرمایه گذاری ها در مقایسه با سرمایه گذاری های مالکیتی کم خطرند و در نتیجه سود آن ها نیز کمتر است اوراق قرضه ای که برای یک شرکت صادر می شوند مقدار پول مشخصی را برای یک دوره خاص به شما می دهد ، در حالیکه که ممکن است در طول این مدت ارزش سهام آن شرکت دو یا سه برابر شود یا ممکن است ارزش سهام به شدت کاهش یابد و شرکت ورشکسته شود . در هر دو صورت کسی که اوراق قرضه را در اختیار دارد پول خود را دریافت می کند .
حساب پس اندازتان
حتی اگر هیچ چیزی جز یک حساب پس انداز عادی ندارید ، می توانید خود را یک سرمایه گذار بدانید . در واقع شما به بانک پول قرض داده اید که برای مثال ممکن است به صورت وام به دیگران داده شود . بازگشت سرمایه در این مورد بسیار ناچیز است اما خطر آن نیز بسیار کم است چرا که شرکت های بیمه از بانک حمایت می کنند .
اوراق بهادار
اوراق بهادار دسته گسترده ای از سرمایه گذاری می باشد که از اوراق خزانه داری و وام های بین الملی تا اوراق قرضه بنگاه های کوچک و تبادل افول اعتبار را شامل می شوند . خطر و بازگشت سرمایه اوراق قرضه مختلف ، با یکدیگر تفاوت دارد اما به طور کلی سرمایه گذاری اعتبار دهی در مقایسه با سرمایه گذاری های مالکیتی خطر کمتری خواهند داشت و سود کمتری نیز به همراه می آورند .
این نوع سرمایه گذاری درست مانند پول نقد است ، یعنی به سادگی می توان آن را به پول نقد تبدیل کرد .
سرمایه گذاری بازار پول
بازگشت سرمایه در صندوق سرمایه گذاری بازار پول بسیار کم است ( چیزی در حدود یک یا دو درصد ) اما خطر آن نیز بسیار کم خواهد بود . اگرچه ارزش سهام این صندوق اخیرا با افت بسیاری مواجه شد ، اما این اتفاق آنچنان نادر است که می توان از آن چشم پوشی کرد . صندوق سرمایه گذاری در مقایسه با سرمایه گذاری های دیگر راحت تر به پول تبدیل می شوند ، یعنی درست مانند حساب خودتان می توانید از صندوق سرمایه گذاری چک بنویسید و آن را نقد کنید .
گروه کاسپین استانبول
سرمایه گذاری در ترکیه
خرید ملک در ترکیه
خرید ملک در استانبول
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